Apa yang tampaknya tidak dipahami oleh banyak orang adalah bahwa runtuhnya Uni Soviet tidak berarti bahwa negara-negara bekas Soviet hancur karena memberontak melawan Moskow. Pada bulan Desember 1991, 11 negara bekas Soviet mendirikan Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka (CIS), yaitu Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Rusia, Tajikistan, dan Turkmenistan. Kantor pusatnya terletak di Minsk, Belarusia.

Catatan: Meskipun Ukraina saat ini sedang berperang dengan Rusia. Namun, merupakan fakta sejarah bahwa Ukraina adalah salah satu negara pendiri CIS.

the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Kantor Pusat CIS di Minsk

Pertemuan para pemimpin negara anggota CIS

Hingga saat ini, CIS merupakan organisasi pertahanan yang aktif dan bekerja sama dengan Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) yang didirikan pada 15 Juni 2001 oleh China, Rusia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, dan Tajikistan. Berkantor pusat di Beijing, Tiongkok. SCO adalah organisasi kerja sama ekonomi dan pertahanan.

Kantor Pusat SCO, Beijing

Pertemuan para pemimpin negara anggota SCO

Dalam geopolitik Eurasia, termasuk Timur Tengah, kedua organisasi ini signifikan dan berpengaruh, oleh karena itu negara-negara Timur Tengah seperti Bahrain, Qatar, Mesir, Kuwait, Arab Saudi, Turki, dan Uni Emirat Arab dimasukkan sebagai mitra dialog. CIS pernah melancarkan operasi militer gabungan untuk mengakhiri operasi intelijen gabungan AS, Inggris, dan Israel di Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, dan Azerbaijan.

CIS Military Drills, 2021

Artinya, kekuatan militer Uni Soviet masih relatif solid dan utuh, serta kuatnya dukungan ekonomi dan industri Tiongkok melalui perjanjian SCO. Fakta-fakta ini jelas menunjukkan bahwa Rusia masih kuat dan tidak selemah opini media dan persepsi publik.

Sumber:

Commonwealth of Independent States – Wikipedia
Eurasian intergovernmental organization Commonwealth of Independent States Содружество Независимых Государств Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimyh Gosudarstv Member states Disputed territory [1] Associate state Administrative seats Largest city Moscow Working language Russian Type Intergovernmental Membership Leaders • General Secretary Sergey Lebedev Legislature Interparliamentary Assembly [2] Establishment 8 December 1991 21 December 1991 22 January 1993 20 September 2012 Area • Total 20,368,759 [3] km 2 (7,864,422 sq mi) Population • 2018 estimate 236,446,000 (excluding Crimea) • Density 11.77/km 2 (30.5/sq mi) GDP ( PPP ) 2022 estimate • Total $5.5 trillion • Per capita $22,500 (approx.) GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate • Total $2.5 trillion • Per capita $9,000 (approx.) HDI (2017) 0.740 high Currency No common currency a Time zone UTC +2 to +12 Driving side right Internet TLD .ru , .by , .am , .kz , .kg , .az , .md , .tj , .uz The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) [a] is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia . It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It covers an area of 20,368,759 km 2 (7,864,422 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 239,796,010. The CIS encourages cooperation in economic, political and military affairs and has certain powers relating to the coordination of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security, including cross-border crime prevention. As the Soviet Union disintegrated, Belarus , Russia , and Ukraine signed the Belovezha Accords on 8 December 1991, declaring that the Union had effectively ceased to exist and proclaimed the CIS in its place. On 21 December, the Alma-Ata Protocol was signed. The Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ), which had been illegally occupied by the Soviet Union, chose not to participate. Georgia withdrew its membership in 2008 following the Russo-Georgian War . Ukraine formally ended its participation in CIS statutory bodies in 2018, although it had stopped participating in the organization much earlier. [4] [5] [6] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine starting from 24 February 2022, Moldova voiced its intention to progressively withdraw from the CIS institutional framework. [7] [8] Eight of the nine CIS member states participate in the CIS Free Trade Area . Three organizations originated from the CIS, namely the Collective Security Treaty Organization , the Eurasian Economic Union (alongside subdivisions, the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Space ); and the Union State . While the first and the second are military and economic alliances, the third aims to reach a supranational union of Russia and Belarus with a common government, currency, and so on. History and structure [ edit ] Background [ edit ] Signing of the Belovezh Accords , 8 December 1991 The CIS as a shared Russophone social, cultural, and economic space has its origins with the Russian Empire , which was replaced in 1917 by the Russian Republic after the February

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – Wikipedia
Eurasian multilateral security organization The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) is a Eurasian political , economic , international security and defence organization established by China and Russia in 2001. It is the world’s largest regional organization in terms of geographic scope and population , covering approximately 80% of the area of Eurasia, [4] 40% of the world population. As of 2021, its combined GDP was around 20% of global GDP. [5] The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 between the People’s Republic of China , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , and Tajikistan . [6] In June 2001, the leaders of these nations and Uzbekistan met in Shanghai to announce a new organization with deeper political and economic cooperation. In June 2017, it expanded to eight states, with India and Pakistan . Iran joined the group in July 2023. Several countries are engaged as observers or dialogue partners. The SCO is governed by the Heads of State Council (HSC), its supreme decision-making body, which meets once a year. The organization also contains the so-called Regional Antiterrorist Structure (RATS). Origins [ edit ] The Shanghai Five [ edit ] The Shanghai Five group was created on 26 April 1996 when the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai . [7] On 24 April 1997 the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions in a meeting in Moscow , Russia. [8] On 20 May 1997 Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Chinese President Jiang Zemin signed a declaration on a ” multipolar world “. [9] Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five group occurred in Almaty , Kazakhstan in 1998, in Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan in 1999, and in Dushanbe , Tajikistan in 2000. At the Dushanbe summit, members agreed to “oppose intervention in other countries’ internal affairs on the reason of ‘humanitarianism’ and ‘protecting human rights;’ and support the efforts of one another in safeguarding the five countries’ national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and social stability.” [6] The Shanghai Five structure helped speed up the members’ resolution of border disputes, agree on military deployments in border areas, and address security threats. [10] : 95 Developing institutional forms [ edit ] In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai and the group was institutionalized. [10] : 95 The five member nations first admitted Uzbekistan in the Shanghai Five mechanism. [10] : 95 On 15 June 2001, all six heads of state signed the Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , praising the role played thus far by the Shanghai Five mechanism and aiming to transform it to a higher level of cooperation. [3] From 2001 to 2008, the SCO developed rapidly, establishing a number of permanent bodies and ad hoc initiatives dealing with economic and security matters. [10] : 95 In June 2002, the heads of the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation